Week 5: New Directions & Current Issues

Applying Emerging Technologies for ID

E-LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS

I have used e-learning in the classroom in several ways that have proven more effective for students than traditional instruction. For example, the World Geography teachers have collaborated to create media-rich, interactive PowerPoint presentations that we post to Moodle for student access. We used this method as a means for students to catch up on missed information and discussions, and for remediation, both in a whole class situation, and for individual viewing. It was an invaluable asset for students in special placements, such a home bound or in school suspension, and also for students who missed school for illness or activities. We also posted review games, flash cards, and practice quizzes on Moodle. I would like to incorporate some social learning technologies, such as the creation of a class wiki, with students adding research to topics throughout the year.

WEB 2.0

The possibilities for using Web 2.0 in the classroom really motivate me to try different applications and to create engaging lessons using them. One example is assigning students to use Glogster to create an interactive, online poster that they present to the class to share their learning. My World Geography students did this to present extended learning and research on the topic of traditional economies for a country they chose. Some items they had to include were video clips and links to pertinent websites, and they could get very creative, or keep it fairly simple. Similar information could have been presented on a poster board format, but the depth of engagement would not have come close to the level attained with a Glogster poster. Another option for online posters, newsletters, or flyers is Smore, but I am not as familiar with its capabilities.

Google Earth is a favorite application of mine for geography. I often use it as another way to show locations, and students absolutely love to find their own homes on it. In one project, we used it to map a virtual trip through the Washington, D.C. area. 

Poll Everywhere is an application I tried by having students use their cell phones to answer a quick survey question. They loved it, even though most could not get a phone signal in my classroom. I think if that was not a problem, I could find many possible uses for it.

RICH MEDIA

The evidence from the text for a more constrained use of rich media was enlightening, and I plan to consider the findings when creating future lessons that incorporate video, audio, and animation. The suggestion of using simple line drawings or stills instead of more complex visuals or animations when the goal is to build understanding reminded me of a particular five-minute video clip I used in a geography presentation early last year. The goal was to compare and contrast types of regions, and the clip used audio to explain examples that were mostly line drawings and maps on the screen; it was really a recorded presentation from an interactive whiteboard rather than a true video. The narrator drew arrows, lines, and circles on the graphics as he explained them. It contained a wealth of information, but the simplicity of the presentation and the large number of examples allowed for a better understanding of the concept. I found myself referring to the examples throughout the year, such as, "Remember the example he gave for a perceptual region where . . . ?"

Issues in Instructional Design

For each of the technologies you selected above, discuss what ethical issues using the technology might present. Does the technology enhance accessibility and accommodate diverse learning needs? How and/or can you design instruction using that technology? How much guidance would instruction with that technology require? What kinds of guidance would be necessary? 

 
When using any of these technologies, one ethical issue would be adhering to copyright law when obtaining text and graphics to use in the materials created. This includes the responsibility of the teacher to teach students what is permissible, and to enforce student observance of ethical use. 
 




For the designer, a prudent issue is keeping diverse learners in mind at the outset of the lesson design, and providing for equity in access. This may involve adaptive technologies such as a screen reader for visually impaired students to use when doing work on a computer, or a more flexible time schedule for some students. The Moodle example works well for time flexibility, but for some students, an altered assignment may be necessary in lieu of the visually heavy rich media or some of the Web 2.0 applications. Any of these technologies can be used readily by students with a minimum of guidance and only introductory instruction, but the teacher should be aware of individual differences in the needs of students for one on one help. I have found that most students with take a new application and run with it, but there are always some who are very hesitant and will need more guidance.  

Reiser, R. A. & Dempsey, J. V. (2012). Trends and issues in instructional design and technology, 3rd ed. Boston: Pearson.

Week 4: Trends & Issues in IDT

Similarities and Differences--Health Care Education, P-12 Technology Integration, & Post-Secondary Education

 

I found many similarities in IDT trends and issues between the health care industry, P-12 technology integration, and the roles of instructional designers in university settings. The trend in all three of these contexts is toward problem-based learning (PBL). In health care education, a 1986 report called for using technology information systems for problem solving, keeping physicians current, and to create lifelong learning. P-12 education saw the development of the NTeQ model for technology integration in 1998, which is problem-based and deals with student use of technology as a tool. The university instructional designers mentioned using IDT to change teaching methods toward more problem-based approaches in distance learning courses. All three areas faced similar issues, too, such as the importance of research, although this was probably most vital in the health care arena, where it makes technology even more important. Research has been slower in P-12 tech integration, and one of the Australian university designers stated that funding priorities have shifted from research to teaching and learning in that country. The issues of professionalism and service to the professional community are common to all three of these contexts. Health care education has the added issues of risk and sensory perception in designing instruction for students, necessitating the need for life-like simulations and multimedia lessons for instruction and practice.

I expected the P-12 technology integration context to be the most like my own work situation, when comparing mine to these three, since it’s more of an apple-to-apple comparison, but was a little surprised that the others share so many trends and issues. My district has not overtly pushed PBL, though some workshops I have attended have those leanings. I have seen some IDT trends in professional development workshops, also. 

Global Trends and Issues
How and can we prepare our youth to address the problems of living in a world with 9 billion people when the earth’s resources cannot sustain that many?

This is a question I discuss with my freshmen in World Geography, and an overarching concept that is spiraled throughout the course. I think the answer lies in creating problem solvers, and students absolutely must have practice in lessons that promote problem-solving. They need to learn about global efforts toward sustainability, and to carry out efforts of their own to find solutions in simulated cases. Since technology is changing so quickly, it makes sense that it would fit with preparing students for changes that we can't really anticipate. Related to this question, I have shown a video called "Did You Know?" about technological shift in education at the beginning of the year in geography classes, and it makes an impact on the kids. It has been around since 2006, but if you've never seen it, it is entertaining and well worth your time to check it out: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C1LiJuUGpyY

  by Karl Fisch and Scott McLeod

Does our current education system, curriculum, and instructional practices help learners foster the complex problem-solving skills necessary to tackle these issues? 

I think we are moving in the right direction to tackle these issues in this country, but we have a lot of work to do to before most classrooms in most schools will fit that bill. In my experience, the trend toward higher stakes testing has hurt the progress of producing more higher order thinking. Teachers are so focused on covering the material for the test that more time-consuming, but engaging activities are eliminated. I've reached the conclusion that projects and student-centered activities are what help students make connections and grasp the important concepts of the subject.

Are there methods and practices used in European and Asian countries that we should use here in the US? Why or why not? 

I love the tradition from Japan of sharing the wisdom of older teachers with younger ones in creating subject-area-specific instructional design (p. 242). Though it has been practiced for decades, it seems on target for IDT that uses technology for enhancing the curriculum. I was surprised at how negative the depiction of IDT in Europe was, and that it has a "skills and credibility gap" (p. 252). It sounds like the U.S. has been more successful, at least in gaining support and credibility for technology integration and good IDT.

Reiser, R. A. & Dempsey, J. V. (2012). Trends and issues in instructional design and technology, 3rd ed. Boston: Pearson. 

Week 3: Evaluating Programs & Human Performance Technology

Evaluation Models

In reading about the five evaluation models in our text, and then following up with research online, I found that most models developed since Kirkpatrick's refer to his framework of four levels. One example of this is Brinkerhoff's Success Case Method, which the text compares to Kirkpatrick's model. However, the two additional models I will summarize do not draw any such comparisons. They are the Ciao! Framework by Eileen Scanlon, et al., of The Open University in the United Kingdom, and Ellen B. Mandinach and associates' Data-Driven Decision Making framework.

The Ciao! Framework evolved over a 25-year period from the collaboration of five women who developed a comprehensive set of working principles and practices for evaluating learning technology. Their abstract written in 2000 details the model they developed in 1996 (see table, below), and concludes that the aim of the framework, to encourage the use of a variety of methods rather than one approach to evaluation, has served them well. The columns represent three dimensions of the learning program that must be evaluated. The context should include how the technology is used in the course and where and how it is used. Interactions focuses on the learning process and shows ways students interact with each other and with the technology. Outcomes refer to changes in students resulting from the technology use. The Rational row gives the basis for evaluating each aspect, and the remaining two rows highlight the type of data to be collected and the methods to be employed.

I like this framework because it is a general model that can be customized for individual needs, as the authors suggest. I would use it to evaluate student projects that use technology.

CIAO! Framework
	Context	Interactions	Outcomes
Rationale	In order to evaluate technology, we need to know about its aims and the context of its use.	Observing students and gathering process data helps us to understand whether or not some elements work and why and/or how they work.	Attributing learning outcomes to technology when it is one part of a multifaceted course is very difficult. It is important to try to assess both cognitive and affective learning outcomes such as changes in perceptions and attitudes.
Data	Designers' and course teams' aims Policy documents and meeting records	Records of student interactions Student diaries On-line logs	Measures of learning Changes in students' attitudes and perceptions
Methods	Interview technology designers and course team members Analyze policy documents	Observation Diaries Video/audio and computer recording	Interviews Questionnaires Tests
Adapted from: Scanlon, E., Jones, A., Barnard, J., Thompson, J., & Calder, J. (2000). Evaluating    information and communication technologies for learning. Educational Technology & Society, 3(4), 101-107.

 

A Theoretical Framework for Data-Driven Decision Making, presented at an annual meeting in 2006, assumes that informed decisions can only be made based on accurate data, and the model depicts decisions made within local school districts. This model also evolved over time from the collaboration of the authors, and was informed by the work of their colleagues, including R.L. Ackoff's earlier work. The 2006 research paper states, "According to Ackoff (1989), data, information, and knowledge form a continuum in which data are transformed to information, and ultimately to knowledge that can be applied to make decisions." The district, building, and classroom each use different data in different ways to make decisions. The technology tools facilitate decision making by stakeholders in the model. For example, a classroom teacher (stakeholder) might give students an assignment that highlights a particular learning problem. The teacher collects and organizes results from the classroom lesson, and analyzes the results. A principal may examine results across classes for a particular grade level, and a district administrator may analyze trends in performance for various student groups, possibly to predict the goal of reaching AYP for state accountability. It is vital to synthesize the information into concise and targeted summaries of usable knowledge and prioritize it--the final stage of the continuum. 

This model is also very adaptable for various needs and various types of users. I would use it like the example above of the classroom teacher who evaluates an assignment that was given specifically to target a learning problem, such as a TEKS objective students had trouble mastering on a test.

Mandinach, E. B., Honey, M., & Light, D. (2006, April). A theoretical framework for data-driven decision making. In EDC Center for Children and Technology, paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Researchers Association (AERA), San Francisco, Calif.